Pangshura sylhetensis

**Assam Roofed Turtle (Pangshura sylhetensis)** The Assam Roofed Turtle is a medium-sized freshwater turtle endemic to South Asia, characterized by its distinctive domed carapace with three prominent longitudinal ridges or "keels." Adults typically measure 35-56 cm in length, with females growing larger than males. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with males developing a concave plastron and longer, thicker tails. These turtles are primarily herbivorous, feeding on aquatic vegetation, fruits, and occasionally small invertebrates. They play an important ecological role as seed dispersers and help maintain aquatic plant communities. This species inhabits deep, slow-moving rivers, large ponds, and wetlands across a severely restricted range in northeastern India (primarily Assam) and eastern Bangladesh. They prefer areas with muddy substrates and abundant aquatic vegetation, often basking on logs or riverbanks during daylight hours. The Assam Roofed Turtle faces critical threats from habitat destruction due to dam construction, river channelization, and wetland conversion for agriculture. Intensive collection for local consumption and the international pet trade has severely depleted wild populations. Water pollution from agricultural runoff and industrial activities further degrades their habitat quality. Fishing activities using nets frequently result in accidental capture and mortality. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs in Indian facilities and community-based protection initiatives in key habitats. Local awareness campaigns aim to reduce collection pressure, while habitat restoration projects focus on protecting remaining wetland areas. The species' outlook remains precarious due to its extremely limited range and ongoing threats. Without sustained conservation intervention and habitat protection, population recovery appears unlikely in the near term.