Parantica philo
VU

Parantica philo

Unknown

Photo: Wikimedia Commons (CC) via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbawa_tiger

Overview

A detailed profile for this species is sourced from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as assessments become available.

Parantica philo faces significant pressure from deforestation and habitat fragmentation across its Southeast Asian range, particularly affecting the lowland and hill forests where it breeds. Agricultural expansion and urban development have reduced available habitat patches, while the species' dependence on specific host plants makes it vulnerable to localized extinctions. Climate change may further stress populations by altering the distribution of its milkweed host plants and disrupting seasonal flight patterns.

Threat summary

Habitat

Parantica philo inhabits tropical lowland and hill forests up to 1,200 meters elevation, favoring forest edges, clearings, and secondary growth areas. The species requires access to milkweed plants (Asclepiadaceae) for larval development and is often found in areas with mixed primary and disturbed forest habitats.

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Frequently asked questions

Why is Parantica philo classified as Vulnerable?
Parantica philo is classified as Vulnerable because the population is declining and the species faces a high risk of extinction in the medium-term future if current pressures continue. Parantica philo faces significant pressure from deforestation and habitat fragmentation across its Southeast Asian range, particularly affecting the lowland and hill forests where it breeds. Agricultural expansion and urban development have reduced available habitat patches, while the species' dependence on specific host plants makes it vulnerable to localized extinctions. Climate change may further stress populations by altering the distribution of its milkweed host plants and disrupting seasonal flight patterns.
Where does Parantica philo live?
Parantica philo occurs in Indonesia, and Malaysia. Country-level distribution data is sourced from the IUCN Red List and cross-referenced with GBIF occurrences.
What are the main threats to Parantica philo?
The main threats to Parantica philo are ai-1, ai-2, ai-3, and ai-4. The full IUCN-classified threat record for this species is detailed on the species page.

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