Parantica philo
Photo: Wikimedia Commons (CC) via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbawa_tiger
Overview
A detailed profile for this species is sourced from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as assessments become available.
Parantica philo faces significant pressure from deforestation and habitat fragmentation across its Southeast Asian range, particularly affecting the lowland and hill forests where it breeds. Agricultural expansion and urban development have reduced available habitat patches, while the species' dependence on specific host plants makes it vulnerable to localized extinctions. Climate change may further stress populations by altering the distribution of its milkweed host plants and disrupting seasonal flight patterns.
Habitat
Parantica philo inhabits tropical lowland and hill forests up to 1,200 meters elevation, favoring forest edges, clearings, and secondary growth areas. The species requires access to milkweed plants (Asclepiadaceae) for larval development and is often found in areas with mixed primary and disturbed forest habitats.
