Squatina oculata

Squatina oculata, commonly known as the smoothback angelshark, is a critically endangered species of angelshark found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. This bottom-dwelling elasmobranch is characterized by its flattened body shape and ability to bury itself in sandy or muddy substrates, making it well-adapted for ambush predation. Historically distributed along European coasts from the North Sea to Morocco, including the Mediterranean, the species has experienced severe population declines and range contractions over the past century. The smoothback angelshark inhabits continental shelf waters, typically at depths ranging from shallow coastal areas to approximately 150 meters. Like other angelsharks, it feeds primarily on bottom-dwelling fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. The species faces multiple anthropogenic threats that have contributed to its critical conservation status. Commercial fishing activities, particularly bottom trawling, have significantly impacted populations through both targeted capture and incidental bycatch. Habitat degradation from coastal development and marine pollution further compounds these pressures. The species' slow reproductive rate, with late sexual maturity and low fecundity, makes population recovery particularly challenging. Conservation efforts include fishing restrictions in some areas, habitat protection measures, and research programs aimed at better understanding remaining populations. Several European countries have implemented species-specific protection measures, and the species is listed under various international conservation frameworks. However, coordinated international action remains essential for the species' long-term survival.