Squatina japonica

Squatina japonica, commonly known as the Japanese angelshark, is a critically endangered species of angelshark endemic to the coastal waters of Japan and the Korean Peninsula. This bottom-dwelling elasmobranch inhabits sandy and muddy substrates in shallow coastal waters, typically at depths ranging from nearshore areas to the continental shelf. The species is characterized by its flattened body shape, which allows it to bury itself in sediment while ambushing prey such as small fish and crustaceans. Historically distributed throughout Japanese coastal waters, the Japanese angelshark has experienced severe population declines over recent decades. The primary threat to this species is intensive fishing pressure, both as targeted catch and bycatch in bottom trawl fisheries and gillnet operations. Coastal development and habitat degradation have further reduced available habitat, while the species' slow reproductive rate makes population recovery particularly challenging. The Japanese angelshark produces relatively few offspring and reaches sexual maturity at a relatively advanced age, making it highly vulnerable to overexploitation. Conservation efforts for this species remain limited, though increased awareness of its critical status has led to some research initiatives aimed at better understanding its ecology and distribution. The species' restricted range and continued exposure to fishing pressure make immediate conservation action essential for preventing extinction. Effective management will require comprehensive fishing regulations, habitat protection measures, and international cooperation between Japan and South Korea.