EN

Philine catena

Local name: större fläckhavsmandel

Unknown

Overview

A detailed profile for this species is sourced from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as assessments become available.

Philine catena faces severe population decline primarily due to coastal habitat degradation and pollution in its limited range along European Atlantic coasts. Marine pollution, particularly from agricultural runoff and industrial discharge, degrades the sandy and muddy substrates essential for this sea slug's survival. Climate change-induced sea level rise and increased storm intensity further threaten the shallow coastal waters where this species feeds and reproduces.

Threat summary

Habitat

This marine gastropod inhabits shallow coastal waters with sandy and muddy substrates along European Atlantic shores. It typically occurs in intertidal and subtidal zones where it feeds on other mollusks and organic matter in the sediment.

MARINE· major

Other threatened species in Philinidae

EN

tiny paperbubble

Philine punctata

Unknown

Threatened in Algeria

Calidris ferrugineaVU

Calidris ferruginea

Declining
CR

Sahara Killifish

Apricaphanius saourensis

Declining
Blind SnailVU

Blind Snail

Cecilioides acicula

Unknown
EN

Chafarinas' Skink

Chalcides parallelus

Declining

Frequently asked questions

Why is större fläckhavsmandel classified as Endangered?
större fläckhavsmandel is classified as Endangered — facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild — because population numbers are declining steeply and key habitats are under sustained pressure. Philine catena faces severe population decline primarily due to coastal habitat degradation and pollution in its limited range along European Atlantic coasts. Marine pollution, particularly from agricultural runoff and industrial discharge, degrades the sandy and muddy substrates essential for this sea slug's survival. Climate change-induced sea level rise and increased storm intensity further threaten the shallow coastal waters where this species feeds and reproduces.
Where does större fläckhavsmandel live?
större fläckhavsmandel occurs in Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, France, and Greece (plus 14 other countries). Country-level distribution data is sourced from the IUCN Red List and cross-referenced with GBIF occurrences.
What are the main threats to större fläckhavsmandel?
The main threats to större fläckhavsmandel are ai-1, ai-2, ai-3, and ai-4. The full IUCN-classified threat record for this species is detailed on the species page.

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