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Norway's biodiversity spans Arctic tundra, boreal forests, coastal fjords, and marine ecosystems extending into the Arctic Ocean. The country's extensive coastline and archipelagos support diverse marine life, while its mountainous interior hosts specialized alpine species. According to IUCN Red List 2025 data, all 295 assessed species are classified as critically endangered, indicating severe conservation challenges across all taxonomic groups from Arctic marine mammals to specialized invertebrates.

The Arctic regions face particular pressure from rapid warming, affecting sea ice-dependent species and altering marine food webs in the Barents Sea. Ocean acidification threatens Norway's extensive cold-water coral reefs, among the world's largest. Industrial activities including offshore petroleum extraction, aquaculture expansion, and shipping traffic create additional stressors on marine ecosystems.

Climate-driven shifts in precipitation patterns affect boreal forest composition and alpine habitats.

Norway has established extensive protected areas covering approximately 17% of its territory, including Svalbard's comprehensive conservation framework. The country leads international Arctic conservation initiatives and maintains strict regulations on marine protected areas. Norway's sovereign wealth fund has implemented environmental screening criteria, though petroleum revenues remain central to the economy.

The Nature Diversity Act provides legal framework for ecosystem-based management, while ongoing monitoring programs track changes in Arctic and marine environments.