Cuba

Cuba's biodiversity significance stems from its position as the largest Caribbean island, hosting exceptional levels of endemism across its diverse ecosystems. The island's tropical forests, extensive wetlands, and surrounding coral reefs support numerous species found nowhere else on Earth. Cuba's Zapata Swamp represents the Caribbean's largest wetland complex, while the Sierra Maestra and Sierra del Rosario mountain ranges harbor unique montane forests. According to IUCN Red List 2025 data, all 20 assessed species are threatened, with plants comprising the majority of documented threats. Cuba faces specific biodiversity pressures including habitat fragmentation from agricultural expansion, particularly sugarcane cultivation in lowland areas. Coastal development threatens critical nesting sites for marine species, while invasive species introductions have disrupted native ecosystems. The island's isolation has created vulnerability to climate-related impacts, including increased hurricane intensity affecting forest regeneration and coral reef systems. Cuba has established an extensive protected area network covering approximately 22% of national territory, including UNESCO Biosphere Reserves at Cuchillas del Toa and Sierra del Rosario. The country's National System of Protected Areas encompasses critical habitats from mangrove forests to cloud forests. Recent marine protected area expansions have strengthened coral reef conservation efforts, while community-based conservation programs engage local populations in biodiversity protection initiatives.